Its scientific name is Ectopistes migratorius. The passenger pigeons or wild pigeon belongs to the order Columbiformes. See a 360 Degree View of Martha, the Last Passenger Pigeon. She died at the Cincinnati Zoological Garden, and was donated to the Smithsonian Institution, where her body was once mounted in a display case with this notation: The last known individual of the passenger pigeon species was 'Martha' (named after Martha Washington). The small captive flocks weakened and died. It was not possible to reestablish the species with a few captive birds. The passenger pigeon was a colonial and gregarious bird and needed large numbers for optimum breeding conditions. Never again would man witness the magnificent spring and fall migratory flights of this swift and graceful bird.Īttempts to save the species by breeding the surviving captive birds were not successful. From 1909 to 1912, the American Ornithologists' Union offered $1,500 to anyone finding a nest or nesting colony of passenger pigeons, but these efforts were futile. Concerted searches were made and rewards offered for the capture of wild passenger pigeons. Only a few birds still survived in captivity at this time. One of the last authenticated records of the capture of a wild bird was at Sargents, Pike County. Yet by the early 1900s no wild passenger pigeons could be found. Samuel de Champlain in 1605 reported 'countless numbers,' Gabriel Sagard-Theodat wrote of 'infinite multitudes,' and Cotton Mather described a flight as being about a mile in width and taking several hours to pass overhead. It is estimated that there were 3 billion to 5 billion passenger pigeons at the time Europeans discovered America.Įarly explorers and settlers frequently mentioned passenger pigeons in their writings. It is believed that this species once constituted 25 to 40 per cent of the total bird population of the United States. The extinction of the passenger pigeon is a poignant example of what happens when the interests of man clash with the interests of nature. Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives, African Art.

Passenger pigeon blinds